First international payment for marine ecosystem services: The case of the Banc d’Arguin National Park,Mauritania     

Thomas Binet  Pierre Failler  Pablo N. Chavance  Mohamed Abidine Mayif 《Global Environmental Change》2013,23(6):1434-1443

This article investigates whether the European Union-Mauritania fisheries agreement, which allocates part of the Europe's financial contribution to the conservation of marine ecosystems located within the Banc d’Arguin National Park, can be regarded as a payment for ecosystem service. A framework for qualification as such payment scheme was established based on an extensive literature review. The criteria identified for the qualification as a payment to ecosystem service pertain to: (1) the definition of the ecosystem service(s) involved; (2) the mechanism involved by the payment; and (3) the nature of the transaction. Interviews with local beneficiaries and subsequent data analysis led to the conclusion that this mechanism could be regarded as a payment to ecosystem service and so, through the European Union-Mauritania Fisheries agreement, the European Union were investing to protect local fish resources that could be exploited by its fishing fleet. This agreement, involving the first International Payment to Ecosystem Service of this kind, marks an important step towards better consideration of marine conservation in international public policy and foreign fishing policy in particular. However, this payment is small when compared to revenues generated through the exploitation of developing countries’ fishing grounds by fishing countries. Nevertheless it opens the door for more detailed applications of payment to ecosystem service schemes to other ecosystems contexts, and can provide a useful alternative source of financing of marine biodiversity conservation.  相似文献   

Disaster risk reduction legislations: Is there a move from events to processes?     

Siambabala Bernard Manyena  Emmanuel Mavhura  Chipo Muzenda  Elias Mabaso 《Global Environmental Change》2013,23(6):1786-1794

Disaster research and scholarship is now advocating a shift from focusing on the hazard event to processes that generate vulnerability and loss of resilience to disasters. Disaster legislations are among prominent instruments that can highlight the tensions as well as challenges that are being encountered towards this change in focus. Using textual analysis, this paper presents a study that investigated whether five post-2002 disaster legislations have shifted emphasis from the hazard to the vulnerability and resilience paradigms. The five examples illustrate that while there is a slight change, at least in rhetoric, from response to a prevention focus, disaster legislations largely promote a centralised institutional framework, with inadequate resource commitments and limited participation from vulnerable communities. Consequently, while generalisations simply cannot be made without a wider analysis of many more examples from different countries, the five disaster legislations appear to re-emphasise the response focus with less attention on the processes that reduce vulnerability and enhance resilience. The conclusion is that while the rhetoric has changed, the disaster legislations have not significantly moved from the hazard to vulnerability and resilience focus suggesting that reduction of losses and damages to disasters remains a big challenge  相似文献   

新世纪以来铀矿地质遥感的科技进步与持续发展     

刘德长  赵英俊  杨旭 《国土资源遥感》2010,21(1):14-18

从采用新型遥感技术、引进航空成像光谱测量系统和开发后遥感应用技术等方面,论述了新世纪以来我国铀矿地质遥感所取得的科技进步,并对铀矿地质遥感的持续发展问题进行了探讨。  相似文献   

Regional evapotranspiration rate of oasis and surrounding desert     

Jihong Jia  Wenzhi Zhao  Shoubo Li 《水文研究》2013,27(24):3409-3414

The surface energy balance algorithm for land method was used in this study to calculate the evapotranspiration (ET) rate for the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Gansu Province, China, to analyse ET distribution within the oasis and the surrounding desert and, especially, on the edge zone of the oasis. Five profile graphs were created vertical to the river. Because of the inverse humidity phenomenon, the least amount of evapotranspiration occurred on the desert close to the oasis. The average evapotranspiration rate was roughly proportioned from the edge of the oasis to inside and outside its boundary. Two meteorological ground stations located close to the oasis edge showed a notable difference in net radiation flux that led to the difference found in ET. The primary reason for the significant differences observed in net radiation may be largely the result of differences in flux reflectivity and surface temperature. Meteorological data show that water supply also played an important role. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

煤矿采空区控制网起算点的变形分析与选择     

徐建国 《地理空间信息》2010,8(5):135-137

大部分控制网建立时采用的起算点为50年代至80年代施测的三角点,起算点的可靠性和兼容性,直接关系到控制网建立的成败。通过大量生产实践数据详细介绍了起算点可靠性和兼容性分析、比较的过程和方法,可在今后生产中借鉴和应用。  相似文献   

THE STUDY OF RETRIEVAL THEORY AND METHODS FROM SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING FOR METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS OVER EASTERN ASIA—PART Ⅱ:ISPRM AND VSPRM2          下载免费PDF全文

黎光清  董超华  张文建  张凤英  王保华  冉茂农  吴雪宝  王维和  潘宁 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2000,(4)

Based on the practice of improved simultaneous physical retrieval model(ISPRM),in the lightof the functional analysis approach,the variational simultaneous physical retrieval model(VSPRM)has been developed.Its approximation of 1st degree is VSPRM1,which is identicalwith the ISPRM.Its approximation of 2nd degree is VSPRM2,more advanced than the VSPRM1.This paper has analyzed the function of VSPRM2,pointing out the potentiality of synergy retrievalof this model.Also,it has dealt with the problem of parameterization of water vapor's kernelfunctions and retrieval of water vapor remote sensing.Because of the characteristics of this strong ill posed inverse problem,prior information mustbe used wisely in order to get the accurate calculation of radiance R.In the previous paper,wediscussed how to build the best first guess field,the way to determine the P_s and to correct thecalculation of radiance.In this paper,we continue discussing in depth about the calculation oftransmittance,the determination of surface parameters and the selection for an optimumcombination of channels for the low-level sounding.The long-term experiment and comparison work under operational environment have shownthat the ISPRM is useful for retrieval of temperature and water vapor parameters over Chinaincluding the Tibetan Plateau,and it further proves the scientific nature of well-posed inversetheory.  相似文献   

关于建立斑岩型铜矿床勘查标识体系的初步探讨     

李莎莎  陈华勇  汪礼明 《大地构造与成矿学》2019,43(5):991-1009

斑岩型铜矿床勘查标识体系,是建立在全球超大型.大型斑岩型铜矿床丰富研究成果和勘查经验基础上,凝炼不同矿床之间的共性和差异性来作为斑岩型铜矿床普适性标志和区分标准,探寻矿床特征与勘查方法之间的内在联系,最大程度结合科研成果,优选科学的勘查方案并给出评价依据,构建以地质事实→成矿机制研究→勘查方法应用“三位一体”的勘查标识体系。该体系架构分为矿床地质、矿床成因机制和勘查方法三个部分。建立斑岩型铜矿床勘查标识体系将有利于增进对斑岩型铜矿床的有效勘查。本文以特提斯.喜马拉雅成矿域的西藏驱龙斑岩型铜.钼矿床、环太平洋东段成矿域的智利ElTeniente斑岩型铜.钼矿床和中亚成矿域东部的蒙古OyuTolgoi斑岩型铜.金矿床三个超大型斑岩型铜矿床为例,重点对比勘查标识体系中矿床地质和致矿岩体地球化学特征,归纳提炼不同矿床之间的共性和差异,对构建斑岩型铜矿(床)勘查标识体系进行初步探讨。研究结果显示:产于不同构造环境下的三个斑岩型铜矿床中均发育钾化带、青磐岩化带和绢英岩化带;铜矿化在钾化带和绢英岩化带中均有发育,钼矿化更倾向于在含水蚀变如绢云母化带、石英.绢云母蚀变部位,金矿化赋存于钾化带发育部位;矿化中心向矿区外围硫化物具有斑铜矿→黄铜矿(+斑铜矿)→黄铁矿的分布规律,铜矿化和钼矿化相叠加,但高品位的铜钼矿体相分离。驱龙矿床未发育ElTeniente矿床和OyuTolgoi矿床共有的(高级)泥化蚀变,可能与其形成环境或剥蚀有关。在地球化学数据收集中,为了确保数据分析的有效性提出筛选方法和程序。岩石地化数据结果显示:致矿斑岩体主要由30%~50%斜长石斑晶和60%左右基质(石英、钾长石)组成,均为高钾钙碱性、过铝质、埃达克质岩石,具有相似的右倾型稀土元素配分模式;但是致矿岩体的硅碱成分、稀土元素配分模式、Sr-Nd同位素表现出与产出环境一致的变化规律,Sr/Y-Y图解显示ElTeniente矿床较驱龙矿床和OyuTolgoi矿床的致矿岩体表现出更典型埃达克岩特征。总之,斑岩型铜矿勘查标识体系的提出和以三个矿床为例的初步探讨为下一步构建该勘查体系奠定了一定的基础。  相似文献   

岩石破裂过程中电磁辐射信号特征研究     

张雪娟  何明文  王红强 《物探化探计算技术》2019,(4):469-475

为了探索震前电磁异常现象的物理机制,许多研究注重于分析岩石破裂过程中产生的电磁辐射信号。对花岗岩样品进行单轴加载,变形直至破裂,记录整个过程中产生的电磁辐射(EME)和声发射(AE)信号,对比分析。这里主要从两个方面分析岩石破裂过程中EME信号的特征:①利用非广延分析方法分析EME的能量分布情况,并与b值分析方法对比,推断岩石破裂类型以及裂纹发育过程;②利用统一等待时间定标律分析EME的时间特征,期望获得岩石破裂过程中EME信号等待时间的分布规律。结果表明,在拟合AE和EME信号的能量分布曲线时,发现b值只能拟合AE部分数据,完全不能拟合EME数据,而非广延参数q可以很好地拟合这两类信号。通过对比分析AE和EME信号的等待时间概率密度的分布情况,发现EME信号的集成效果相对较差,可能不满足统一等待时间定标律。  相似文献   

港珠澳大桥沉管隧道基槽异常回淤分析与数值模拟          下载免费PDF全文

何杰  辛文杰 《水科学进展》2019,30(6):823-833

港珠澳大桥沉管隧道E15管节基槽发生异常回淤,海底隧道沉管安装被迫中止。为查明E15管节基槽发生异常回淤的原因,先后开展了现场水文泥沙观测、遥感影像资料分析和数值模拟等多种技术手段。采用水沙数学模型反演了内伶仃岛上游采砂活动形成的浑水团在潮流作用下的扩散输移过程,沙源在数学模型中以面源形式模拟。模拟结果表明,采砂活动形成的浑水团在一个大潮期间的落潮过程中可输移扩散至基槽水域,其中E15—E27管节基槽日淤厚在采砂活动影响下将增加43.8%。数值模拟结果为查明E15管节基槽异常回淤的泥沙来源提供了佐证。E15管节以东基槽水域水沙环境复杂,天然淤积已经接近临界回淤允许值,基槽上游水域的采砂活动对沉管基槽回淤将带来不可控因素,采砂活动对周边水域产生的泥沙回淤影响应引起足够重视。  相似文献   

滇西实验场地震中短临动态跟踪综合预测方案及其实践运用     

杨芬  李孝宾  薛艳 《震灾防御技术》2014,9(S1):590-599

对滇西实验场1992年以来地下流体前兆观测资料进行分析研究,选取应震效果通过R信度检验（对应MS≥5.0级地震）的8条单项前兆指标。综合考虑单项前兆指标虚报率和漏报率对指标信度的影响,对单项前兆指标利用数学模型进行综合处理,减少了虚报和漏报的次数,预测效果明显提高。利用分级预警模式分别建立了中期（T≤6个月）和短临（T≤3个月）预测模型。综合预测方案还提供了地点判定原则和震级估算原则。最终提供地震短临预测三要素。运用本综合预测方案对2011年腾冲5级双震、2013年洱源5级双震和德钦两次5级地震作用了较为成功的短临预测。  相似文献